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PRODUCTS
RECIPES COOKBOOK
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How to calculate Petrophysicals Cutoffs
Many reservoir studies use legacy or former petrophysical cutoffs already
computed. However, you may want to validate those VSH, PHIE and SW cut-offs,
or even estimate or calculate suitable cutoffs for a new formation or members
under study.
There are several techniques or criteria to define cutoffs from a production
point of view. This section illustrates the
Cumulative Hydrocarbon Column technique.
The concept of the hydrocarbon column in a formation is simple:
HCOL = PHIE * (1-SW) * Delta_H, is the equivalent height of pure hydrocarbon
column contained in a zone of thickness Delta_H > HCOL, when poured into
a recipient.
Clean rocks with low Shale Volume VSH or Vshale usually have few problems
or capability to store hydrocarbons. As a rock becomes more shaly, it
will be more difficult either to store hydrocarbons, or the hydrocarbon
to migrate from the source rock to be trapped into the reservoir.
There is an elbow point of VSH beyond which there are no more
significant contributions to store or migrate hydrocarbons.
That point could be taken as a VSH cutoff for pay rocks.
The same concept applies for effective porosity PHIE (and also permeability),
there is a threshold point of tight porosity with a low capability to
store or migrate hydrocarbons.
The sequential algorithm can be summarized as follow:
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STEP 1: Seek the elbow point for VSH
Define the top and base of the interest zone. Compute the
hydrocarbon column for all log steps without any restrictions.
Then apply regular decreasing values of VSH_cutoff (that is,
scan from right to left, like VSH_cutoff = 100%, 95%, 90%, ..., 0%)
and compute the total hydrocarbon column, rejecting rocks
for which VSH > VSH_cutoff. A plot of pairs {(VSH_cutoff, HCOL)}
would show the elbow point to pick a VSH cutoff value.
Why do we scan VSH_cutoff = 100%, 95%, ..., 0% from right to left?
When we start with a VSH_cutoff = 100%, we accept all rocks with VSH≤100%.
Since VSH≤100% is always true, we are accepting all rocks, both sealing rocks
and pay rocks. No rock is discarded and the total hydrocarbon column reaches its
maximum possible value.
When the VSH_cutoff is decreased slightly, we start to
reject very shaly sealing rocks that don't bear much oil, so the total
hydrocarbon column is almost the same (the plateau). As VSH_cutoff is
decreased more and more, most of the shaly rocks non bearing oil are rejected
and the elbow point is reached (the end of the plateau).
This is the VSH value for which the oil succeed to migrate
and accumulate. As VSH_cutoff approaches 0, even the cleaner pay rocks are
discarded and the total hydrocarbon column approaches 0.
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STEP 2: Seek the elbow point for PHIE (or even permeability)
Keep and freeze the VSH elbow cutoff value VSH_cutoff picked in Step 1.
Then compute the total hydrocarbon column while scanning from left to right
the effective porosity cutoffs 0%, 5%, 10%, etc., accepting only those rocks for which
(VSH < VSH_cutoff) and (PHIE > PHIE_cutoff). A plot of pairs {(PHIE_cutoff, HCOL)}
would show the elbow point to pick a PHIE cutoff value.
Why do we scan PHIE_cutoff = 0%, 5%, ..., from left to right?
When we start with a PHIE_cutoff = 0%, we accept all rocks with PHIE≥0%.
Since PHIE≥0% is always true, we are accepting all rocks, both tight rocks
and reservoir pay rocks. No rock is discarded and the total hydrocarbon column
reaches its maximum.
When the PHIE_cutoff is increased slightly, we start to reject very tight rocks
that don't bear much oil and the total hydrocarbon column is almost the same.
As PHIE_cutoff increases more, more tight rocks are rejected and the elbow point
is eventually reached. This is the porosity cutoff value for which the oil succeeded
to migrate and accumulate at the original reservoir conditions.
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STEP 3: Seek the elbow point for SW
Keep and freeze the VSH and PHIE elbow cutoff values picked in Steps 1 and 2.
Then compute the total hydrocarbon column while scanning water saturation cutoffs
from right to left (100%, 95%, 90%, ..., 0%),
accepting only those rocks for which (VSH < VSH_cutoff),
(PHIE > PHIE_cutoff), and (SW < SW_cutoff). A plot of pairs {SW_cutoff, HCOL)}
would show the elbow point to pick a SW cutoff value.
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Step 1: This real plot shows a typical curve behaviour to
pick the elbow point for a VSH cutoff. Not in all cases the elbow
point shows clearly like in this example. Usual values of VSH cutoffs
for clastic oil reservoirs range from 20% to 35%. In those cases
where the VSH cutoff was computed as high as 40% or more, odds
are that the VSH model was too pessimist, perhaps when a linear
Index of Gamma Ray VSH was used.
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Step 2: This real plot shows a typical curve behaviour to
pick the elbow point for a PHIE cutoff. Not in all cases the elbow
point shows clearly like in this example. Usual values of PHIE cutoffs
for clastic and carbonates oil reservoirs range from 10% to 25%.
Some natural gas and CO2 reservoirs could go as low as 5% or less.
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Step 3: This real plot shows a typical curve behaviour to
pick the elbow point for a SW cutoff. Not in all cases the elbow
point shows clearly like in this example. Usual values of SW cutoffs
for clastic and carbonates oil reservoirs are around 50%.
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From a fluid geo-dynamics point of view, the computed cutoffs find what
where the threshold values of Shale Volume, Porosity, and Water Saturation for
which the hydrocarbon succeeded to migrate at the original reservoir conditions
of pressure and temperature.
That is, the hydrocarbon had mobility to displace the water through non sealing
rocks at its geological time. Hence, it should be exploitable by conventional
recovery processes, thus the name "pay" is used. This cutoffs determination
algorithm works as a reasonable method to differentiate seals against pay rocks
with movable hydrocarbons.
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Cutoffs for gas reservoirs will be completely different
The computed cutoffs depend on rock-fluid interactions (and even pressure
and temperatures). While a (VSH > 35%) and a (PHIE < 10%) could be a barrier
for medium and heavy oils, gas might flow easily under those conditions
due to its lower viscosity and wettability behaviour.
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Never apply or use a SW cutoff into a reservoir simulation grid model
You must declare to the simulator all the existing fluids, even those
zones bearing 100% of water, like aquifers. Use the full ternary
VSH, PHIE and SW cutoffs only for mapping, economic screening, and
volumetric purposes. For numerical reservoir simulation,
use only VSH_cutoff and PHIE_cutoff to compute the Net-To-Gross ratio NTG
include files. However, if you are lucky enough and have access to several
relative permeability curves, you could arrange several sets for different
combinations of VSH and PHIE intervals.
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Different wells, even in the same formation's member could show different cutoffs
Since rock properties and reservoir conditions vary for different locations, the petrophysical cutoffs
could be easily different for several wells. If a single cutoff system is required
for a reservoir, there are two approaches:
1) Take a compromised average, typical or representative cutoffs for all the wells.
Do not expect to find the same elbow points or curve shapes.
2) Extend the algorithm to compute the whole 3D reservoir's Original
Hydrocarbon in Place instead of the Hydrocarbon Column per well. This full volumetrics
approach is the ultimate one, but requires a lot of computational effort,
resources, software, and time.
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Shale Oil reservoirs have very tight cutoffs
Oil produced from shales are generated, cooked, and matured in-situ from clayey rocks kerogen.
That means they usually did not need to move or migrate to reach the shales that contain them.
Hence —with this hydrocarbon column technique— you may well expect that such oils are found with extreme
"pseudo-cutoffs" of tight porosities like 3% and less, and VSH of 40% or more.
Producibility of shale oil is normally achieved by inducing hydraulic fractures rather than the natural original rock properties.
The figure below ↓ shows a GeolOil Upscaling listing of calculations to determine cutoffs for Vshale, Porosity, and Water Saturation
The figure below ↓ shows the GeolOil Upscaling Processing Tab, selected to calculate the hydrocarbon column
The figure below ↓ shows the GeolOil Upscaling Curves & Filter Tab to calculate the hydrocarbon column in a defined rock
The figure below ↓ shows a log plot with indicator flags curves for net-sand and net-pay in an eolian reservoir
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